Assessment Management Forensic Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

Since the 1980s power per unit region is expanding on mental wellbeing experts to better their capacity toA predictA and better deal with the level of danger related with scientific mental health patients, and offendersA being dealtA with in the justness framework ( Holloway, 2004 ) .A This increasedA pressureA includes other than expanded contribution inside a more extensive extent of examination laborers and measurable clinicians, working in the justness framework to better reality, and reliability of their investigation of whether recidivism is a solid possibility.A The overallA valueA of rating of exploration is toA allowA theA improvementA in the evaluation, managing, arranging and course of miscreants, in simultaneousness with a progressively trustworthy benchmark for follow up appraisals ( Beech et al, 2003 ) . Notwithstanding, there keeps on being an increasingA interestA andA expectationA on experts from the people and the condemnable justness framework in regards to the potentialA dangerA presented byA seriousA offendersA being releasedA once again into the network and the interest for the transgressors to be better overseen, in orderA to sufficiently protectA the masses from perilous people ( Doyle et al, 2002 ) . As the examination of riskA is madeA at arranged stages toward the path technique of the fierce transgressor, it isA extremelyA significant that psychological health experts have an organized and predictable assault to risk evaluation and rating of power. ( Doyle et Al, 2002 ) . This paper will investigate three hypothetical records of risk examination thatA are usedA to chop down conceivable peril to other people, while fusing savage transgressors once again into the network. These three assaults are unstructured clinical sentiment, organized clinicalA judgementA and actuarialA evaluation. It is non planned, in this paper, to investigate the various instruments utilized in the evaluation strategy for theA respectiveA actuarial and organized clinical assaults. Unstructured Clinical Judgment Unstructured clinical conclusion is a method influencing no particular rules, however depends on the single clinician'sA evaluationA holding admiration to the clinicians experience and makings ( Douglas et al. , 2002 ) .A Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) , alludes toA clinicalA assessment as â€Å" first coevals † ( p. 650 ) , and considers clinical to be as leting the clinicianA completeA caution according to what data the clinician will or will non pay heed to in their closing finding of danger degree. The unstructured clinicalA interviewA has been broadly censured in light of the fact that itA is seenA as conflicting and innately needs development and aA uniformA approachA that does non let forA preliminary, retest steadfastness over clasp and between clinician ‘s ( Lamont et al. , 2009 ) . ItA has been arguedA that this incongruence inA assessmentA can take toA incorrectA examination of miscreants, as either high or low risk because of the abstract supposition intrinsic in the u nstructured clinical assessmentA approachA ( Prentky et al. , 2000 ) . Indeed, even with these limitations talked about over the unstructured clinicalA interviewA is still liable to be the most generally usedA approachA according to the miscreant ‘s power peril examination ( Kropp, 2008 ) . Kropp ( 2008 ) , hypothesizes that the proceeded with use of the unstructured clinicalA interviewA takes into consideration â€Å" idiographic examination of the offendersA conduct † ( Kropp, 2008, p. 205 ) .A Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) sets, that clinical surveies have appeared, that clinician ‘s using the peril analysisA methodA of unstructured meeting, is non asA inaccurateA asA generallyA believed.A Possibly this is expected, for the most part to the level of experience andA clinicalA makings of those convey oning the evaluation. The unstructured clinicalA assessmentA methodA depends by and large on verbal and non verbal prompts and this has the power of act uponing single clinician ‘s evaluation of danger, and consequently in twist has a high possibility of over trust in the examination on the showed signals ( Lamont et al. , 2009 ) .An A significant deformity with the unstructured clinical meeting is the clear insufficiency of organized normalized methodologyA bein g usedA toA enableA aA testA retest reliabilityA measureA previously mentioned.A However, the lack of consistence in the examination assault is aA substantialA detriment in the use of the unstructured clinical interview.A The interest for a more structuredA processA leting forA predictableA preliminary retest steadfastness wouldA appearA to be aA necessaryA constituent of any risk evaluation comparable to constrain. Actuarial Appraisal ActuarialA assessmentA was developedA toA assessA arranged peril factors that would better on the opportunity of a miscreant ‘s recidivism. The actuarial assault depends generally on normalized instruments to help the clinician in predicting power, and the greater part of these instrumentsA have been created, in an exertion, A to anticipate futureA probabilityA of power among transgressors who have a background marked by mental unwellness as well as condemnable culpable practices. ( Grant et Al, 2004 ) . Be that as it may, Douglas et Al ( 2002 ) cautions that use of actuarial examination does non flexibly evaluation of any level of hindering the chance of future power. The use of actuarialA assessmentA has expanded in late mature ages as more non cliniciansA are taskedA with the obligation of heading of savage miscreants, for example, network amendments, prison guards and post trial supervisors. Actuarial danger examination techniques empower staff, that do non hold the experience, A backgroundA or necessaryA clinicalA makings toA conductA a normalized clinicalA assessmentA of transgressor peril. This actuarial assessmentA methodA has been foundA to be extremelyA helpfulA when holding danger estimating transgressors with mental wellbeing, substance abuse and fierce miscreants. ( Byrne et al, 2006 ) . Be that as it may, actuarial evaluations have limitations in the powerlessness of the instruments to gracefully any data comparable to the course of the transgressor, and plans to thwart power ( Lamont et al, 2009 ) .A Whilst such instruments may flexibly transferableA testA retest constancy, there is an interest for circumspection when the instruments A are usedA inside varying examples of theA testA populationA utilized as the validationA sampleA in creating theA testA ( Lamont et al, 2009 ) .An Inexperienced andA untrainedA staffA may non be insightful that testsA are limitedA by an extent of factors that may confine the trustworthiness of the preliminary in use. The greater part of actuarial toolsA were validatedA in North America ( Maden, 2003 ) . This hasA significantA conclusions when actuarial instrumentsA are usedA in the Australian setting, especially when autochthonal social complexnesss are non taken into history. Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) proposes that the actuarialA approachA is focusedA on expectation and that peril evaluation in mental wellbeing has a much broaderA functionA † and needs to beA linkA intimately with bearing and bar † ( p. 652 ) . Actuarial instruments depend on steps of idle peril factors for example history of power, sexual orientation, psychological instability and recorded cultural variabl es.A Therefore, dormant danger factorsA are takenA as staying constant.A Hanson et Al ( 2000 ) contends that where the results of unstructuredA clinicalA opinionA areA openA to requests, the through exact perception based peril assessmentA methodA can essentially anticipate the risk of rhenium affronting. To relyA totallyA onA staticA factors thatA are measuredA in Actuarial instruments, and non coordinate powerful danger factors has prompted what Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) has alluded to as, â€Å" Third Generation † , or as more typically recognized as organized proficient feeling. Organized Professional Judgment Movement toward an organized professionalA hypothetical record, wouldA appearA to hold followed a technique of advancement since the 1990s.A ThisA progressionA has created throughA acceptanceA of the multifaceted nature of what risk examination involves, and the power per unit territories of the courts andA publicA in building up a standpoint of expanded prognostic truth ( Borum, 1996 ) .A Orchestrating to Lamont et Al ( 2009 ) , organized proficient conclusion unites â€Å" through experimental perception approved peril factors, proficient experience and cutting edge cognizance of the patient ( p27 ) .A Structured proficient supposition assault requires aA broadA assessmentA measures covering both idle and dynamic components, and endeavors to connect the spread between different assaults of unstructured clinical sentiment, and actuarialA approachA ( Kropp, 2008 ) .A The joining of dynamic danger factors that are takingA accountA of variable factors, for example, current emotionalA levelA ( choler, gloom, accentuation ) , cultural backings or lack of and readiness to participate in the intercession recovery process.A The organized proficient assault incorporatesA dynamicA factors, whichA have been found, to be other than significant in analysingA riskA of power ( Mandeville-Nordon, 2006 ) .A Campbell et Al ( 2009 ) proposes that instruments thatA examineA dynamic risk factors are moreA sensitiveA toA recentA modifications that mayA influenceA an expansion or decreasing in risk strength. Kropp ( 2008 ) , reports that examination has discovered that Structured Professional Judgment measures alsoA correlateA substantiallyA with actuarial advances. Choice Kroop, ( 2008 ) proposes that either an organized proficient supposition assault, or an actuarial assault presents the most possible alternatives for danger examination of violence.A The unstructuredA clinicalA approachA has been generally reprimanded by research laborers for missing trustworthiness, cogency and answerability ( Douglas et al, 2002 ) . Kroop, ( 2008 ) other than alerts that risk evaluation requires the assessor to hold an a

Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C.E. Pgs

Investigate the change and congruities in trade along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Over the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650-1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean exchange had numerous progressions and coherencies. Monetarily, the IndianOcean exchange remained the equivalent with its spread of products starting with one spot then onto the next, however changed in light of the manners in which merchandise were exchanged along this exchange course. Culturally,the Indian Ocean exchange remained the equivalent due to the equivalent persistent spread of religion and thoughts, and changed due to the dispersion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean exchange remained the equivalent in the sensethat it thrived while heavily influenced by solid Analyze the change and coherencies in trade along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Over the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650-1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean exchange had numerou s progressions and congruities. Financially, the IndianOcean exchange remained the equivalent with its spread of products starting with one spot then onto the next, however changed on account of the manners in which merchandise were exchanged along this exchange route.Culturally,the Indian Ocean exchange remained the equivalent as a result of the equivalent ceaseless spread of religion and thoughts, and changed in light of the dissemination of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Strategically, the Indian Ocean exchange remained the equivalent in the sensethat it thrived while heavily influenced by solid Analyze the change and progressions in business along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Over the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650-1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean exchange had numerous progressions and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean exchange remained the equivalent with its spread of products starting with one spot then onto the next, yet changed d ue to the manners in which merchandise were exchanged along this exchange course. Culturally,the Indian Ocean exchange remained the equivalent as a result of the equivalent nonstop spread of religion and thoughts, and changed due to the dispersion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.

Cortisol and Stress How to Stay Healthy

Cortisol and Stress How to Stay Healthy Stress Management Effects on Health Print Cortisol: The Stress Hormone By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 21, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Brook Pifer/Iconica/Getty Images Cortisol is closely linked with stress.?? It is a hormone that works as a key player in the bodys stress response and is often measured in research as an indicator of stress. Cortisol plays a vital role in the bodys functioning; its secreted by the adrenal glands and involved in the following functions and more: Proper glucose metabolismRegulation of blood pressure??Insulin release for blood sugar maintenanceImmune functionInflammatory response Positive Effects Cortisol levels can fluctuate among individuals and in the same people at different times in the day. For example, normally, cortisol is present in the body at higher levels in the morning, and at it is lowest at night. The cycle repeats daily.?? It can also fluctuate based on what a person is experiencing. For instance, although stress isn’t the only reason that cortisol is secreted into the bloodstream, it has been termed “the stress hormone” because it’s also secreted in higher levels during the body’s stress response  and is responsible for several stress-related changes in the body. Small increases of cortisol have some positive effects: A quick burst of energy for survival reasons??Heightened memory functionsA burst of increased immunityLower sensitivity to painHelps maintain homeostasis in the body Some people experience a greater spike in cortisol than others when they experience stress. It is also possible to minimize the amount of cortisol you secrete in response to stressors. This can be accomplished using stress management techniques on a regular basis, which well discuss later in this article. Effects of Too Much Cortisol and Stress While cortisol is an important and helpful part of the body’s response to stress, it’s important that the body’s relaxation response be activated so the body’s functions can return to normal following a stressful event. Unfortunately, in our current high-stress culture, the body’s stress response is activated so often that the body doesn’t always have a chance to return to normal, resulting in a state of chronic stress. Higher and more prolonged levels of cortisol in the bloodstream (such as those associated with chronic stress) have been shown to have negative effects, such as: Impaired cognitive performanceSuppressed thyroid functionBlood sugar imbalances such as hyperglycemiaDecreased bone density??Decrease in muscle tissueHigher blood pressureLowered immunity and inflammatory responses in the body, slowed wound healing, and other health consequencesIncreased abdominal fat, which is associated with a greater amount of health problems than fat deposited in other areas of the body. Some of the health problems associated with increased stomach fat are heart attacks, strokes, developing  metabolic syndrome, higher levels of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and lower levels of “good” cholesterol (HDL), which can lead to other health problems.?? How to Stay Balanced To keep cortisol levels healthy and under control, the body’s relaxation response should be activated after the fight or flight response occurs.?? You can learn to relax your body with various stress management techniques, and you can make lifestyle changes in order to keep your body from reacting to stress in the first place. The following have been found by many to be very helpful in relaxing the body and mind, aiding the body in maintaining healthy cortisol levels: Guided ImageryJournalingSelf-HypnosisExerciseYoga??Listening to MusicBreathing Exercises??MeditationSex Cortisol and You As mentioned before, cortisol secretion varies among individuals. People are biologically ‘wired’ to react differently to stress. One person may secrete higher levels of cortisol than another in the same situation. And this tendency can change at different times in a persons life. Studies have also shown that people who secrete higher levels of cortisol in response to stress also tend to eat more food  and food that is higher in carbohydrates than people who secrete less cortisol.?? If you’re more sensitive to stress, it’s especially important for you to learn stress management techniques and maintain a low-stress lifestyle. this is a great way to get cortisol secretion under control and maintain a healthy lifestyle at the same time. Getting more information on stress and resources to help you to manage it can help you to build habits that can help you to cope with stress once your stress response is triggered.

The Treadmills Of Consumption And Production Together...

The Treadmills of Consumption and Production together explain Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons. According to the textbook An Innovation to Environmental Sociology, Treadmill of Consumption theory is the process of moving materially ahead without making any real gain. In other words it is the process of consumers fighting to stay ahead of neighbors, making more money to keep buying more and better items. However, these material things do not actually bring people much more happiness or personal gain, because once the consumer has consumed, he or she needs more. In the Tragedy of the Commons, there is a common grazing land for cattle. Each farmer eventually asks himself how he can best maximize his gain, the answer; adding more and more cattle to his herd. Eventually, the land does not support the amount of cattle that all the farmers have added, and the commons area is ruined. The treadmill of consumption theory explains the first part of the tragedy well, as it explains why the farmers wanted to expand their herds in the first place. Each farmer wanted the gains that came from adding cattle, and having a large herd than others. According to the textbook, Treadmill of Production is â€Å"mutual economic pinching that gets everyone running faster but without much advancement†, tending to only escalate production and push aside any concern for the environment. Treadmill of Production in the Tragedy of the Commons explains why the farmers continued to add cattle to their herds to the

The Human Health Care System Essay - 941 Words

In today’s health care system, addiction is prevalent and increasing involvement in the view of western medicine. National Council of State Board of Nursing (NCBSN) (2011) defines addiction as a physical or psychological component that leads to an uncontrollable use of drugs or alcohol and unable to control such behavior (p. 1). It is unfortunate that nurses fall in the trap of addiction for various reasons such as job stress and accessibility to medication. It is estimated that ten to fifteen percent of nurses are addicted to some sort of illegitimate or controlled substances in the United States (NCBSN, 2011, p.2). Registered nurses appear to be exposed to addiction at higher rate than the general population (Bowen, Marcus-Aiyeku Krause-Parello, 2012, p. 289) and the outcomes are much more devastating. Nurses with addiction can lead to not only legal consequences but also imperil patient safety. In this context, this paper explores the human health experience of a wonderful nurse who shared her hardship with all her heart. For confidentiality purposes, the individual will be referred to as Mrs. Jen. This paper scrutinizes what factors shaped Mrs. Jen’s overall health experience. Further, this paper focuses on abstract concepts that have stood out for the writer in relation to Mrs. Jen’s narrative such as addiction, coping, and hope. This paper also includes the writer’s reflection and interpretation of the meaning of Mrs. Jen’s experience at personal andShow MoreRelatedThe Human Health Care System994 Words   |  4 Pagesall members of the family, the two-legged and the four-legged kind. How does it look when we do a side-by-side comparison of the human health care system and the animal health care system? 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Willa Cather Character Analysis Free Essays

Carolyn DeGrazia Professor Gerald January 30, 2012 Character Analysis Willa Cather once said, â€Å"Where there is great love, there are always wishes. † She makes this quote relevant in her Pulitzer-prize winning novel, One of Ours. One of Ours is a story about Claude Wheeler, a young man from Nebraska, struggling to find his purpose in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Willa Cather Character Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the entire novel, he only has one consistent presence in his life that truly believes in him and that is his mother. Mrs. Wheeler, a Protestant Christian, has been married to Mr. Wheeler for more than twenty years. Although she has birthed three boys, she has taken care of many others in her life due to the farm life of her husband. That’s exactly what she is-a caretaker. She was the perfect visionary of a woman during the time period of World War 1. She did was she was told and seldom complained. Claude Wheeler has always had a deep connection with his mother. In the beginning of the novel, Claude is forced to go to Temple, a religious university where his mother knows the headmaster. Claude and his mother give and take. Although they may not agree on some of their choices, they support each other in every way. When asked her opinion of Claude’s self-fulfilling duty of signing up for war, â€Å"Mrs. Wheeler has quietly put down her knife and fork. She looked at her husband in a vague alarm, while her fingers moved restlessly about over the tablecloth. † (pg. 172) She knows her place and understands that Claude has been disappointed to many times in his life for her to get in the way of his dreams of war. When Claude passed away, Mrs. Wheeler seemed relieved that he passed away overseas. He died believing his own country better than his. † (pg. 336) All throughout Claude’s life, Mrs. Wheeler had sympathy for her son and attempted to understand and simmer his disappointment with the world. The connection between her and her son will forever go down in history. Her faith in God helped her through her grief of losing Claude. â€Å"And for her, He is nearer still—directl y overhead, not so very far above the kitchen stove. †(pg. 337) The love she has for her son is overwhelming and she wishes great things for him in life and in death. How to cite Willa Cather Character Analysis, Essay examples

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Research Paper Cuban free essay sample

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay, Research Paper Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was the closest the universe has of all time come to atomic war. The crisis was a major confrontation between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The confrontation was caused by the Soviets seting missiles in Cuba, merely 90 stat mis off the seashore of the United States of America. The universe was in the custodies of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khruchchev. These two work forces would hold to make a via media or else the consequences would be fatal. During the cold war John F. Kennedy and the Soviet Prime Minister met to discourse the was between the E and west but they resolved nil and Khrushchev left believing that Kennedy was a weak leader. The Soviets started to experience threatened because the US had more missiles and some of them were based in Turkey. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Research Paper Cuban or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ever since Cuban Premier Fidel Castro had come into power the US had been seeking to kick him out of power. When Castro came into power the US stopped purchasing Cuban sugar and supplying oil. . Khrushchev on the other manus made friends with Castro. Therefore Castro turned to the Soviets for protection against US invasion. The Soviets were willing. When a U-2 pilot, Richard Heyser, was winging over Cuba he noticed atomic missles in Cuba. Kennedy was informed the the missiles that really same twenty-four hours and his advisers told him that they wanted an air work stoppage followed by an invasion put up in Cuba. Kennedy knew that if the US invaded the Soviets would utilize their missiles. On one of the undermentioned yearss, Kennedy asked if the Air Force could take out all of the missiles in Cuba. The Air Force so told the President that with that procedure there would be 10-20,000 civilian casualties. Kennedy so decided to put up a encirclement around Cuba. US ships prepared for a quarantine. The imperativeness so learned about the atomic missles and questioned them about it, the President asked the newsmans non to uncover the intelligence so he could denote it to the American people on Television. The Soviets had instrustion to establish the missiles within proceedingss of Kennedy’s address. After Castro listened to the President’s address he moblized all of Cuba’s military forces. The Organization of American States approved the US quarantine of Cuba and by the terminal of the twenty-four hours the US ships were in line and were prepared to destruct and transport that failed to halt at that line. On Wednesday, October 24th the Soviets ships approached the quarantine line. Soviets ship stopped when they received a wireless message from Moscow. On Thursday, October 25th the Military qui vive was raised to DEFCON 2, the highest of all time in US history. At any minute the US could establish an onslaught on Cuba or the Soviet Union. The US received a missive from Khrushchev in answer to Kennedy # 8217 ; s address. The missive said that they would take the missiles if Kennedy publically guaranteed that the US would neer occupy Cuba. Another U-2 flew over Canada and saw that the Soviets were camoflauging the missiles. Khrushchev so sent another missive to Kennedy and raised the monetary value of taking the missiles. The Soviets now wanted the US missiles removed from Turkey. Kennedy decided to disregard it and react to the first missive merely. On October 28th, Khrushchev announced that the Soviets would level the missiles in Cuba. The US did non take their missiles from Turkey and by Khrushchev endorsing down he ruined his calling but he prevented atomic catastrophe. Nine months after this crisis, President kennedy and Khrushchev signed an understanding to censor atomic testing in the ambiance. This was the beginning of a new communicating. On November 22nd, 1963, President kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Eleven months subsequently Premier Khrushchev was removed from office by Communitsts. The lone one inquiry left is, what would hold happened if these two work forces stayed in power?

Theory Z William Ouchi free essay sample

Theory X The Theory X manager assumes that the only motivation that works for employees is $$money$$. Theory Y The Theory Y manager assumes that employees are motivated by their needs to fulfill their social, esteem, selfactualization, and security. The Theory Y manager believes that employees see work as a natural activity and will seek out opportunities to have increased responsibility and understanding of their tasks. The Theory Y manager believes that workers will respond best to favorable working conditions that do not pose threats or strong control. Theory Z The Theory Z manager assumes that employees are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be a part of something worthwhile the self-actualization need. The Theory Z manager believes that employees will not only seek out opportunities for responsibility, in fact, they crave opportunities to advance and learn more about the company. The Theory Z manager believes that employees should learn the business through the various departments, come up through the ranks slowly, and that the company will get the best benefits from that employee by making it possible for him/her to have lifetime employment. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Z William Ouchi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The result will be strong bonds of loyalty Workers attitude toward work. The Theory X manager assumes that the employees dislike work, avoids responsibility, and seeks only security from work (the paycheck! ). The Theory X manager believes that workers will only respond to coercion, control, direction (telling them exactly what to do), or threatening punishment or firing. What will work with employees: Theory Z Lecture Notes Page 2 developed by long-term employment and shared responsibility for decisions. Big Ah-Has! Theory X Managers assume the average worker  ·  ·  ·  ·  · is gullible and not very bright. is indifferent to the organizations needs. dislikes work. is motivated only by financial incentives. must be closely supervised. Theory Y Managers assume the average worker: feels work is natural. can enjoy work. is motivated by the desire to do a good job.  · might do a better job if control is minimized.  · has potential for development and advancement.  ·  ·  · Theory Z Managers assume the average worker wants to be involved in managing a company and building trust among all organizational members is cent ral to raising productivity. Ah-Ha ? How does Theory Z stand up against the baby boomers and Gen Xers in terms of the work ethic? a Pamela A. Braden, WVUP, 2000. No part of this material may be reprinted or r eproduced without written permission Email: [emailprotected] co. uk [emailprotected] com for any assistance plz do ask.. Good luck

Financier Russell Sage Attacked in 1891 Office Bombing

Financier Russell Sage Attacked in 1891 Office Bombing One of the wealthiest Americans  of the late 1800s, financier Russell Sage, narrowly escaped being killed by  a powerful dynamite bomb after a visitor to his office threatened him with a bizarre extortion note. The  man who detonated a satchel packed with explosives  in Sages lower Manhattan office on December 4, 1891, was blown to pieces. The strange incident took a grisly turn when the police tried to identify the bomber by displaying his severed head, which had been remarkably undamaged. In the highly competitive era  of  yellow journalism, the shocking attack on one of the citys richest men by a bomb thrower and a madman was a bonanza. Sages dangerous visitor  was identified a week later as Henry L. Norcross.  He turned out to be an outwardly ordinary office worker from Boston whose actions shocked his family and friends. After escaping the massive explosion with minor injuries, Sage was soon accused of having grabbed a lowly bank clerk to use as a human shield. The badly injured clerk, William R. Laidlaw, sued Sage.  The legal battle dragged on throughout the 1890s, and  Sage, widely known for eccentric frugality despite his $70 million fortune, never paid a cent to Laidlaw. To the public, it just added to  Sages miserly reputation. But Sage stubbornly maintained he was simply adhering to principle. The Bomber in the Office On December 4, 1891, a Friday, about 12:20 p.m., a bearded man carrying a satchel arrived at Russell Sages office  in an old commercial  building at Broadway and Rector Street. The man demanded to see Sage, claiming he carried a letter of introduction from John D. Rockefeller. Sage was well-known for his wealth, and for his associations with robber barons like Rockefeller and the notorious  financier Jay Gould. He was also famous for frugality. He frequently wore, and mended, old clothing. And while he could have traveled with a  flashy carriage and team of horses, he preferred to commute by elevated trains. Having financed New York Citys  elevated railroad system, he carried a pass to  ride for free. And at the age of 75 he still arrived at his  office every morning  to manage his financial empire. When the visitor demanded loudly to see him, Sage emerged from his inner office to investigate the disturbance.  The stranger approached and handed him a letter. It was a typewritten extortion note, demanding  $1.2 million. The man said he had a bomb in his bag, which he would set off if Sage didnt give him the money. Sage tried to put the man off by saying he had urgent business with two men in his inner office. As Sage walked away, the visitors bomb, intentionally or not, detonated. Newspapers reported that the blast frightened people for miles. The New York Times said it had been clearly heard as far north as 23rd Street. In the downtown financial district, office  workers ran into the streets in a panic. One of Sages young employees, 19-year-old stenographer and typewriter Benjamin F. Norton, was blown out a second floor window. His mangled body landed in the street. Norton  died after being rushed to the Chambers Street Hospital. A number of people in the suite of offices received minor injuries. Sage was found alive in the wreckage.  William Laidlaw, a bank clerk who had been delivering documents, was sprawled on top of him. A doctor would spend two hours pulling shards of glass and splinters out of Sages body, but he was otherwise uninjured. Laidlaw would spend about seven weeks in the hospital. Shrapnel embedded in his body would cause him pain for the rest of his life. The bomber had blown himself up. Parts of his body were scattered throughout the wreckage of the office. Curiously, his severed head was relatively undamaged. And the head would become the focus of much morbid  attention in the press. The Investigation The legendary New York City police detective Thomas F. Byrnes took charge of investigating the case. He began with a ghastly flourish, by taking the bombers severed head to Russell Sages house on Fifth Avenue on the night of the bombing. Sage identified it as the head of the man  who had confronted him in his office. The newspapers began referring to the mysterious visitor as a madman and a bomb thrower. There was suspicion he may have had political motives and links to anarchists. The next afternoons 2 p.m. edition of the New York World, the popular newspaper owned by Joseph Pulitzer, published an illustration of the mans head on the front page. The headline asked, Who Was He? On the following Tuesday, December 8, 1891, the front page of the  New York World  prominently referred to the mystery and the weird spectacle surrounding  it: Inspector Byrnes and his detectives are still completely in the dark as to the identity of the bomb-thrower, whose ghastly head, suspended in a glass jar, daily attracts crowds of curious people to the Morgue. A button from  the bombers  clothing led police to a tailor in Boston, and suspicion turned to Henry L. Norcross. Employed as a broker, he had apparently become obsessed with Russell Sage. After Norcrosss  parents identified his head at the New York City morgue, they released affidavits saying he had never shown any criminal tendencies. Everyone who knew him said they were shocked at what he had done. It appeared he had no accomplices. And his actions, including why he had asked for such a precise amount of money, remained a mystery. The Legal Aftermath Russell Sage  recovered and soon returned to working.  Remarkably, the only fatalities were the bomber and the young clerk, Benjamin Norton. As Norcross seemed to have no accomplices, no one was ever prosecuted. But the peculiar incident moved into the courts following accusations by the bank clerk who had been visiting Sages office, William Laidlaw. On December 9, 1891, a startling headline appeared in the New York Evening World: As a Human Shield. A sub-headline asked Was He Dragged Between the Broker and the Dynamiter? Laidlaw, from his hospital bed, was claiming that Sage had grabbed his hands as if in a friendly gesture, and then pulled him close just seconds before the bomb detonated. Sage, not surprisingly, bitterly denied the accusations. After leaving the hospital, Laidlaw began legal proceedings against Sage. The courtroom battles went back and forth for years.  Sage was ordered at times to pay damages to Laidlaw, but he would stubbornly appeal the verdicts. After four trials over eight years, Sage finally won. He never gave Laidlaw a cent. Russell Sage died in New York City at the age of 90, on July 22, 1906. His widow created a foundation bearing his name, which became widely known for philanthropic works. Sages reputation for being a miser lived on, however. Seven years after Sages death, William Laidlaw, the bank clerk who said Sage had used him as a human shield, died at the Home for the Incurables, an institution in the Bronx. Laidlaw had never fully recovered from the wounds suffered in the bombing nearly 20  years earlier. Newspapers reported that he had died penniless and mentioned that Sage had never offered him any financial assistance.

Critique of Quantitative Methods Journal Paper' Essay

Critique of Quantitative Methods Journal Paper' - Essay Example Conclusion 10 4.1. Theoretical contributions 10 4.2. Practical Contributions and Implications for Managers 10 4.3. Limitations 11 4.4. Improvements 11 11 References 12 1.0. Introduction 1.1. Gaps and Contributions The journal article titled â€Å"Individual connectedness in innovation networks: On the role of individual motivation† by Aalbers & et. al. (2013), argues with emphasis to the gap that knowledge should be shared within various sections of the organisation and should be implemented readily as per requirements. This shall allow firms to obtain competitive advantages over others through the continuous enhancement of their operations. Aalbers & et. al. (2013) further argues that knowledge transfer is directly related with the notion of innovation. Arguably, effective knowledge transfer within a business can further ensure maximum innovation within the same as per Aalbers & et. al. (2013). The journal thus claimed that it is highly important to conduct a rigorous researc h regarding this particular aspect, as very limited is universally known about it. Accordingly, the research of Aalbers & et. al. (2013) has emphasised primarily on filling the gap of research in this particular domain of study and intended to illustrate the elements that influence the concept of knowledge transfer within any organisation. 1.2. Aim of the Research Aalbers & et. al. ... This is because of the fact that it is deemed to be a key approach through which, innovative information sharing can be achieved in any organisation. 2.0. Theory 2.1. Evaluation of the Theory Knowledge transfer is deemed to be vital in respect to innovations within any organisation. Innovation is considered to be highly valued in businesses, especially in context of the contemporary society. Aalbers (2012) hereby states that with maximum innovations, organizations shall be able to present themselves in a more competitive manner, adapting changes every time, which further shall attract a larger volume of customers and enhance the competitiveness of the firm in the market. Furthermore, according to the study of Bosch-Sijtsema & Postma (2004), knowledge transfer is quite crucial in developing and maintaining a culture that fosters maximum innovation within organisational operations. Motivated through this notion, companies now-a-days tend to follow a knowledge based view in their approa ch wherein the management attempts to encourage expertise within the workforce from internal and external sources to deliver their capabilities in operational processes with the motive of betterment (Sijtsema & Postma, 2004). Accordingly, it is deemed that there are several factors that can influence active knowledge transfer and thereafter affect the innovation oriented culture in any organisation. Among those factors, connectedness can be considered as vital. According to the report of CDC (n.d.), connectedness can be considered as a degree upto which, people share their inner feelings with others, which also assists in the effective transmission of knowledge. Arguably, in modern organisations, employee connectedness can enable

Reading Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Responses - Essay Example What is not discussed in the open by women would actually become the main conversation and a thing of pride by men subtly declares the made-up superiority complex of men who believe that power makes them better than women. There is no logic that supports men’s sense of superiority apart from the stronger physical built! The two most enlightening passage from the article indicate men’s need to maintain their dominance within social paradigm. The TV shows would treat the subject in length and male intellectuals would argue ‘how could a woman master any discipline that demanded a sense of time, space, mathematics, or measurement, for instance, without that in-built gift for measuring the cycles of the moon and planets - and thus for measuring anything at all?’ Indeed, the phenomenon that is normal for women would turn into unique event for men just reveals the pseudo psychology of ego that men exercise. The ‘normal’ event would become yet another main event that would help them retain their male dominance over women who are look physically frail but have the emotional and intellectual strength to compete against their male counterpart and

Construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral

Construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral To start with, it is very known that Notre Dame Cathedral that is found in Paris is one of the worlds first ever to be made, Gothic Cathedral. Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris is found near the Ile de la Cite on its eastern half, having to the west its main entrance. Many thought that the Cathedral of Notre Dame was one of the best when it comes to Gothic French architecture. One of the most well known architects in France named Viollet le Duc is the one behind saving and restoring Notre Dame Cathedral from destruction. The meaning of the name, Notre Dame Cathedral is because when this Gothic Cathedral was built it was the centre of beauty in Paris and they decided to name it by Our Lady. The Gothic period was very bewildered by the amazing construction of Notre Dame Cathedral. Gothic architecture was very much influenced by naturalism and that was seen through the stained glass and sculptures found in Notre Dame Cathedral, which in the early Romanesque architecture this was the opposit e. The flying buttress which is arched exterior supports were first seen in the Notre Dame in Paris. When the Cathedral was first built it did not include the flying buttresses in its design but later on it was found surrounding the nave and choir. After many numbers of constructions to Notre Dame in Paris, the thinner walls that were very popular at that time of Gothic style grew to be extremely high which resulted in a lot of stress factors and the walls seems to start pushing outwards. Due to that the architects that were constructing the cathedral decided to build a lot of support surrounding the walls on the outside and then they continued to add them like that on the outside. In the 1970s during the drastic French Revolution a lot of ruin and violation was happening to the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris causing many of the religious images to be destroyed and damaged. In the 19th century though the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris went through very severe restoration plans and whe n that was done the Cathedral actually went back to the way it was before. History Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris was known for its dominance on the Seine and the Ile de la Cite in addition to the history of Paris. The Romans decided to built right next to the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, a temple for Jupiter and then later on another building was added by the Christian Basilica, last but not least in the end they built Cathedral of St. Etienne which is established in 528 by Childebert (Romanesque church). Bishop of Paris named Maurice de Sully decided to expand the population and built a new cathedral which was devoted for the Virgin Mary. The construction in 1163 was started but it wasnt really completed until around 1345 which is like 180 years later on. The Cathedral tells a lot of stories in the Bible when it comes to its portals and stained glass and paintings, maybe because it was finished and constructed in the illiterate age. The choir was finished around 1183 and later on a lot of work started being done on the nave and it was finished around 1208, the w est front and towers finished in 1225 1250 approximately right after the nave. Around 1235 1250 many never chapels were followed and added to the nave and later during the 1296 1330 some were also added to the apse, (Pierre de Chelles and Jean Ravy). In 1250 1267 transept crossings were established by Pierre de Montreuil which is the architect for the Sainte Chapelle and Jean de Chelles. You can tell the design was very early Gothic because of the slim elements that articulate the wall and the sic part rib vaults. The Interior was very changed and reconstructed in the middle 13th century because of the enlargement downward of the clerestory windows that are exactly from the early Gothic style causing it to be filled with very High Gothic tracery. The triforium was removed because of all the enlargements. Usually you can find four story elevation in the Interior which is normal when it comes to early Gothic churches, in addition to that the triforiun was very different because it had large opening that are round instead of arcades that are very normal. If you look at the buildings youd realize that they are very High Gothic and thats how they look from the exterior. The features are very noticeable and include tracery screen and profusion of colonnettes, it also had vertical and horizontal orders of the facades, the gracefulness of the flying buttresses and the striking the size of the rose windows. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris had a very flourishing history for centuries. Before crusaders would go to their holy war, they used to always pray there. In addition to that, many polyphonic music was being established inside the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. During the French Revolution a lot of catastrophes occurred. Notre Dame Cathedral ion Paris was very badly damaged, not to mention many other cathedrals located all around France. You can very clearly see that a lot of saints were beheaded at the Cathedrale St Etienne in Bourges. Many citizens though did not understand those statues and they thought the statues of saints found over the portals located on the west front was a kind of representation of their kings and specially in the middle of their passion for the revolution, they were taken down. Those statues were found in the year of 1970, around approximately two hundred years afterwards also in the Latin Quarter. A lot of these cathedrals treasures were badly damaged or severely destroyed and the only thing that stayed fine was the great bells that avoided being melted down. Thanks to the revolution a lot of the cathedrals were dedicated to the cult of Reason and afterwards they also became dedicated to the cult of Supreme being instead. The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris was found to be a warehouse to store food in the interior. Napoleon decided to crown himself as an emperor thinking that he would emphasize the important and primacy of the state over the church, later own Josephine was also crowned, and his empress was hi s Martinique born wife. Pope Pius the VII raised no objections because any way the job would have been done by an archbishop. A writer called Victor Hugo and another artist like Ingres called a lot of attention to the fact that the state was in dangerous and it was in disrepair where the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris fell which raised a lot of awareness when it comes to the value of art. The creations of the Middle Ages in the 18th century were being ignored by the neoclassicists, the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris stained galas was being replaced by normal glass. In the 19th century many romantics realized how remote the period was with the greater appreciation and the new eyes. Construction When the church found in Paris became the Parisian church of the kinds of Europe in 1160, Maurica de Sully who is the Bishop he decided to consider the old Cathedral in Paris (Saint Etienne/St Stephens), it was built in the 14th century, but it was later on demolished after he assumed the name or title of Bishop of Paris, due to its lofty role and unworthiness. There were many myths when it comes to foundations, this has to be taken into account with a grain of salt, in the 20th century archeological excavations were suggested saying that the Merovingian Cathedral should be Replaced by Sully who was itself a very massive structure having a faà §ade of 36m across and a five aisled nave. In order for the Bishop to justify the rebuilding of the newer style he used the excuse which was the fact that there were many faults of the old structure being exaggerated. It is said that Sully had a very glorious vision about the Cathedral that was rebuilt in Paris and then it is said that he also sketched it on the ground where the actual church was found. In order for them to start the construction the bishop made more than one house become demolished or ruined and he built a new road for the material to be transported through to finish what is left of the Cathedral in Paris. While Louis VII was in reign in 1163 the construction started. There were many conflicts whether it was Pope Alexander the III or Sullt who built and laid out the stone foundation of the Cathedral in Paris but still it wasnt a big deal because they were present in the ceremony question. Most of Bishop de Sully and his life was devoted and dedicated to the construction of the Cathedral in Paris.from 1163 till approximately around 1177 the choir construction started to take place. In addition to that the construction of the new High Altar was set apart in around 1182, that seemed to be a normal thing to have the new churchs eastern end to be finished first in order for the temporary wall would be put up on the west of the choir letting the chapter be used without any interruptions while the shape of the building was slowly being established. Bishop Maurice de Sully died in year 1196 and after that happened, Eudes de Sully was his successor saw the finishing of the transepts and continued with the nave which almost was finished before the time he died which was in the year 1208. (Bishop Maurice de sully and Eudes de Sully are not related). When this was the time, the faà §ade on the west was also being set up even though it was not finished fully until approximately around the middle of the 1240s.More than one architect were working on the site while the construction or building was still taking place, that information was obvious and made sure of due to the difference in heights found on the towers and the west front, and the different styles. The fourth architect saw the difference in the construction when it comes to the great halls beneath the towers and the level with the ros e window. In the latest Rayonnant style the transepts were changes and remodeled, that was the most noticeable and significant change in the design in the middle of the 13th century. Jean de Chelles included to the north transept a gabled portal and he ended it with a very marvelous rose window, that all happened in the 1240s. Pierre de Montreuil a bit after the year 1258 he made a very close scheme that is found on the transept on the South. Transept portals were both very full of embellished sculptures. On the portal to the south you find features that show scenes of the lives of St Stephen many other local saints, on the other hand you can find on the north portal features of the infancy Christ and the story of Theophilus that is in the tympanum, there was also a very influencing statue of Virgin Mary and the Child in the Trumeau. The Notre Dame Cathedral was really and officially finished around the year of 1345. Notre Dame bells In the Palace of Notre Dame in France there are five very popular bells. One is known as the Bourdon bell, this bell weighs more than thirteen tons and it was placed in the South Tower, it mainly was used for announcing the day hours for services and occasions. The other four bells were placed in the North Tower and they are as well used for many festivals, services and various occasions. Those bells worked manually before, for them to be rung someone had to go and do that, but now it is different and they re rung by electric motors as it was later discovered that when those bells were rung it could put the whole building in danger and making it all vibrate which was considered a threat to the bells reliability. Furthermore, those bells had hammers appointed externally that worked for tune playing that comes from a clavier Piano or the Organ Over the time many things were being added to the Cathedral from which were the several organs that have been installed, but the first several ones were sufficient for the building and did not fit perfectly. Francois Henri Clicquot was responsible for building the first organ to be known that was finished by the 18th century. Today if you visit the Notre Dame Palace in France you can find that Francois Henri Clicquots original pipe work still sounds the same and it comes from the organ found in the pedal division. In the 19th century Aristide Cavaille Coll rebuilt the organ and finished expanding it. The position for the head or chief organist at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in France has been considered marvelous and one of the most extravagant and prestigious posts in France in addition to the post of Saint Sulpice in France which was the largest instrument built by Aristide Cavaille Coll. There are 7800 pipes found inside the organ and 900 of them are considered historical. It also has 110 stops, 32 key pedal board and 56 key manuals. The organ was computerized and controlled by three Local Area Networks (LANs) and it was fully finished by December of the year 1992. Quotes said by people We must remind ourselves that these monumental structures, although they remain intensely alive, are merely the skeletons of the cathedrals of medieval times. Compared with what it was when first created, the cathedral, as we see it now, is like a venerable old lady whose noble carriage barely suggests the striking belle she must have been in her youth. We should not only recall the past splendor of the cathedral, most of whose external adornment is now lost, but also attempt to understand what the cathedral was during the progress of its own creation; the role it played at the heart of the city that saw its birth among the people whose stubborn or enthusiastic will alone caused its skyward thrust. -Zoe Oldenbourg, With Stone and Faith Gothic architecture had a magnificent opportunity of development in the construction of the great cathedrals, which, in France, were all built at the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries. These were civil as well as ecclesiastical buildings; in fact, the distinction between the two provinces was a thing unknown at the time, and is wholly a modern idea, which we never probably would have had except for the differences in religious belief which arose among us at the Reformation. The state is merely the community acting in combination for those purposes in which combined action is more convenient than individual. With us these are now almost confined to justice, police, war, and possibly education. But when religious belief was uniform, as in the Middle Ages, state action included religion. The bishops and abbots were feudal barons, with civil jurisdiction; and, on the other hand, all state action had some religious character and sanction. The cathedrals were the great meeting-places of the city, used for secular purposes, such as the administration of justice, and even for histrionic performances (which, again, were religious in character), as well as formass. -John J. Stevenson, Gothic Architecture;Harpers New Monthly Magazine, 1876 And the cathedral was not only company for him, it was the universe; nay, more, it was Nature itself. He never dreamed that there were other hedgerows than the stained-glass windows in perpetual bloom; other shade than that of the stone foliage always budding, loaded with birds in the thickets of Saxon capitals; other mountains than the colossal towers of the church; or other oceans than Paris roaring at their feet. -Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris, 1831 Historic Timeline 1160   The Cathedral is ordered to be destroyed by Maurice de Sully. 1163   The Construction of Notre Dame Palace in France is started. 1196   The death of Bishop Maurice de Sully. 1200   The Western Faà §ade work starts being established. 1208   The Nave vaults are almost finished/ the death of Bishop Eudes de Sully. 1225   The completion of the Western Faà §ade. 1250   Completion of the North rose window and Western Towers. 1245/1260   Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil remodeled the transept into the Rayonnant style. 1250/1345   Everything else is finished. Definitions 1) Clavier: it is the bank of keys found on the piano keyboard or a musical instrument. 2) Transept: the wings of the church, it is a church that has a cross shaped portion that goes in a right angle through the long central side of the nave. 3)  Crypt: an underground chamber for burial or a vault or a cellar, usually found under a church. 4) Nave: the centre part or area of a church. 5) Rayonnant style: it is the period where the French Gothic architecture was developed in the 1240 and 1350 century. The Rayonnant style is known by taking the focus away from big scale and spatial rationalism when it comes to buildings, it takes us to a more of a two dimentional style on the surface having decoration that are repetitive with different sizes. References 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris 2) http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Cathedrals/Paris/Notre-Dame.shtml 3) http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/paris-notre-dame-cathedral 4) http://elore.com/Gothic/History/Overview/paris.htm 5) http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Notre_Dame_Cathedral.html 6) http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/The-west-facade 7) http://www.wallpaper-z.com/images/thumbnails/notre-dame-paris-402.jpg 8) http://elore.com/Gothic/History/Overview/paris.htm 9) http://artcolima31.blogspot.com/2009/09/notre-dame-cathedral-alejandra-velasco.html 10) http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/The-Crown-of-Light 11) http://yeinjee.com/travel/2005/cathedrale-notre-dame-de-paris/ 12) http://www.shafe.co.uk/art/Chapels_and_Chapel_Decoration.asp 13) http://www.zimbio.com/Jimmy+Clausen/articles/321/Gargoyles+Notre+Dame+cathedral+Paris+Photos 14) http://vooltour.com/world/?p=167 15) http://www.saulgallery.com/chronicle/stephenson_vaults.html 16) http://www.cca.qc.ca/en/collection/406-laszlo-moholy-nagy-notre-dame-de-paris 17) http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval.html 18) http://cterfile.ed.uiuc.edu/mahara/view/view.php?id=79new=1

The Character of Enorbarbus in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopat

The Character of Enorbarbus in William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra Enobarbus’s character can be seen as the most striking invention of Shakespeare. As the lieutenant of Antony, he contributes to the drama in a number of ways. He is sympathetic to Antony from the start, loyal and fellow feeling. Instead of agreeing with Antony at the beginning where he says he wishes he had never met Cleopatra, Enobarbus replies that, had that been the case, Antony would have missed â€Å"a wonderful piece of work†. (I.2.154-5). He does not share the perspective of his fellow Roman soldiers Philo and Demetrius in the opening scene, in fact he seems to enjoy life in Egypt contributing with appreciative comments on Cleopatra. â€Å"Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety. (149 II.2.245) When Antony says of Cleopatra, â€Å"She is cunning past man’s thought†, Enobarbus disagrees, â€Å"Alack, sir, no: her passions are made of/ nothing but the finest part of pure love† (I.2.146-8). In their conversations at the beginning and in his role throughout, Enobarbus seems to represent an ordinary reflection of something in Antony himself, as in a mirror. His humour in response to the announcement of Fulvia’s death, anticipate the jovial side of Antony that will manifest itself in the galley scene. Before the triumvirs meet, the diplomatic Lepidus tries to persuade Enobarbus to keep Antony calm. Enobarbus however refuses saying that he much prefers that Antony should speak his mind. He reminds Antony and Caesar that there will be time enough to quarrel after they have disposed of Pompey. To Antony’s criticize, â€Å"Thou art a soldier onl... ...ssenger. In a soliloquy â€Å"Now he’ll outstare the lightning† (III.13.194-200) he sees through Antony’s bombastic rhetoric and comes to his decision to leave Antony. As Antony addresses his servants as if for the last time, Enobarbus protests that he is â€Å"onion-eyed (IV.2.35). Antony’s reaction to his desertion, â€Å"O, my fortunes have Corrupted honest men!† (IV.2.35) and his decision to send his treasure to him confirm all that is said of Antony’s â€Å"bounty†. The guilt felt by Enobarbus and his subsequent depression and loss of will are clearly shown. â€Å"No honourable trust. I have done ill, of which I do accuse myself† (239.IV.35) But his death in mental torment and the consciousness of disgrace are proof of the fact that Antony’s â€Å"fortunes have/ Corrupted honest men† give a wider dimension to the tragedy of the protagonists.

Living Environment Essay

* All living things must maintain homeostasis in order to stay alive. * Homeostasis: A balanced state in an organism’s body. * Failure to maintain homeostasis results in disease or death. * Homeostasis is often maintained using feedback mechanisms. * Feedback mechanisms are cycles in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop. * While organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. The term used to describe the balanced state is dynamic equilibrium. * Dynamic Equilibrium: A balanced state created by many small, opposing changes. * Life Processes: All living things carry out the same basic chemical processes. Taken together, these processes make up an organism’s metabolism. * Metabolism: All the chemical processes that take place in an organism. * Nutrition: Using nutrients for growth, synthesis, repair and energy. * Respiration: Converts energy in food into a  usable form (ATP). * Synthesis: Making complex chemicals from simple substances. * Transport: Absorbing and distributing materials throughout the body. * Regulation: The control and coordination of life processes. * Excretion: Removing of wastes produced by metabolic activities. * Reproduction: Passes on genes to offspring. * Inorganic Chemicals: Simple compounds * Water ( H2O) : Most common substance in all living things (about 60% of body mass) * Needed for chemical reactions ( which won’t happen in â€Å"dry† conditions) * Dissolves other molecules into solution, allowing them to be transported through the body. * Oxygen (O2): Needed by most (not all) organisms for cellular respiration. * Released by plants and algae as a waste product of photosynthesis. * Aerobic respiration: Process that uses oxygen to extract energy from glucose (sugar). Used by most organisms. * Anaerobic respiration: Process that extracts energy from glucose without using oxygen. Gives less energy, so only used by some simple organisms (some bacteria, yeast). These organisms do not need to breathe in oxygen. * Carbon Dioxide (CO2): * With water, used by plants to make glucose (photosynthesis). * Waste product of aerobic respiration. * Nitrogen (N2): * Most common gas in air (70%) * Needed to make protein. * Converted into nitrates by soil bacteria. Nitrates are absorbed by plants and then eaten by animals . * Excreted as waste in urine. * Acids and Bases: * Measured by the pH scale * pH can affect rates of chemical reactions; for example, digestive enzymes work fastest in acidic environments, which is why we make stomach acid (hydrochloric acid, or HCl). * Organic Compounds: Larger, more complex chemicals. Always contain the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Synthesized from simpler substances (building blocks). * Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches * Building blocks: Simple sugars * Functions: * A starch (A) is broken down by an enzyme (B) into two simple sugars (C, D). This is also a good example of the lock and key model. A starch (A) is broken down by an enzyme (B) into two simple sugars (C, D). This is also a good example of the lock and key model. Provides energy * Stores energy in plants (starch) * Lipids: Fats, oils and waxes * Functions: * Stores energy (animal fat) * Insulation * Water proofing * Cell membrane * Proteins: Complex compounds that carry out all the body’s activities. * Building blocks: Amino acids  * Have many different functions as determined by their shape. * Lock and Key Model: Proteins must have the right shape to â€Å"fit† with other molecules. * Changing the shape of a protein will change what it can interact with its function. * Important types of proteins: * Hormones and neurotransmitters – carry messages through the body. * Cell receptors – in cell membrane; receive hormones and neurotransmitters. * Antibodies – attack foreign pathogens * Enzymes- act as catalysts, controlling all chemical reactions in the body. * High temperatures will cause enzymes to denature (lose their shape) and stop functioning. This is why high fevers are dangerous. * Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): Make up genes and chromosomes. * Building blocks: Nucleotides; molecular bases (ATCGU) Topic Two: The Cell I. Definition: The basic unit of structure and function in all living things. II. Cell Theory has three parts: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. * Unicellular – single celled organisms (amoeba, paramecium) * Multicellular – have more than 1 cell; may be only a few cells, or many trillions of cells. Almost all structures in multicelled organisms are made of or by cells. 2. Cells carry out all life processes. * Everything you do is the result of the work of your cells – walking, talking, even thinking and feeling. When you get sick, it is because your cells are not working correctly. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. This seems obvious now, but at one time people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living things regularly emerged from nonliving things. A) Exceptions to the Cell Theory 4. Viruses are not made of cells. However, they also do not carry out all life processes; so many biologists do not consider them true living things. 5. The first cell obviously could not come from another cell. III. Organization B) Atoms C) Molecules D) Organelles – Cell structures E) Cells F) Tissues – Cells with the same structure and function. G) Organs – Made of different tissues working together for the same function. H) Organ Systems – Groups of organs that work together. I) Organism IV. Cell Organelles: These are the tiny cell parts that make up a cell. 6. Nucleus * Controls the cell * Contains hereditary material (chromosomes, genes, DNA) 7. Cytoplasm (technically not an organelle) * Fluid/liquid in the cell – mostly water * Helps transport material 8. Mitochondrion * Carries out cellular respiration. * Gives cell energy (Powerhouse of the cell). 9. Ribosome * Makes proteins from amino acids. 10. Vacuole * Stores food, water and waste * Food vacuoles may digest large molecules. * Waste vacuoles may excrete waste out the cell membrane 11. Chloroplast * Carries out photosynthesis * Plant and algae cells only 12. Cell Wall * Gives shape, structure and protection. * NEVER found in animal cells. 13. Cell Membrane * Separates cell interior from environment * Controls what enters and leaves the cell using transport proteins. * Has receptor molecules that pick up signals from other cells. * Has antigens which are protein â€Å"tags† that identify the cell (see immune system). Topic Three: Nutrition, Photosynthesis and Respiration Reminder: All life processes are chemical activities which make up your metabolism. * Nutrition: Taking in nutrients (food) for various activities including: * growth * healing * synthesis * respiration (energy) A) Ingestion: To take nutrients into the body. B) Digestion: To break down nutrients into smaller pieces. 1. Nutrients must be broken down into smaller parts so that they can be absorbed into the blood and cells of organisms. * Starches are digested into simple sugars. * Proteins are digested into amino acids. C) Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms take inorganic materials (CO2, H2O) and convert them into organic nutrients (carbohydrates). 2. Auto = self ; troph = food; so Autotroph = self feeding 3. Photosynthesis is most common form of autotrophic nutrition 4. Plants, algae and blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) are common autotrophs. D) Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms must consume nutrients from other organisms. 5. Hetero = other so Heterotroph = feeds on others. 6. All animals and fungi are heterotrophs. 7. Includes: * Carnivores: eats mostly animals * Herbivores: eats mostly plants or algae * Omnivores: eats both plants and animals * Decomposers: breaks down dead matter and waste * Decomposers are important for recycling nutrients * I. Photosynthesis: Process in which sun’s energy is trapped in the chemical bonds of sugar. E) Requires sunlight, water and CO2. F) Makes glucose (C6H12O6) as food. G) Water and oxygen are waste products. H) Benefits: 8. Provides food for all plants, animals and other organisms. 9. Provides oxygen to breathe. 10. Removes CO2 from atmosphere. I) Plant adaptations: 11. Chloroplast: Cell organelle that does photosynthesis 12. Gas exchange: * Stomata : Pores under a leaf; let gases in and out * Guard cells: open and close stomata to prevent dehydration 13. Transport: * Xylem and Phloem: â€Å"tubes† transport food and water throughout the plant. Two different views of the stomates and their guard cells (X). Two different views of the stomates and their guard cells (X). II. Cellular Respiration: Process that takes energy from sugar molecules and places it in molecules of ATP. J) ATP is the molecule all life uses for energy. * No organism can get energy from sunlight or sugar without first putting the energy into ATP. K) Requires oxygen, glucose and water. L) Carbon dioxide and water are waste products. M) Most organisms carry out aerobic respiration (uses oxygen) in their mitochondria. N) Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, but gives less ATP (energy) for each molecule of sugar. * When exercise causes human muscles to run out of oxygen, their cells will do anaerobic respiration. The waste product, lactic acid, causes muscles to â€Å" burn† so that you will stop. O) Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposite reactions! They are also important in cycling oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and water through the environment P) Common mistakes: * â€Å"Plants use photosynthesis, animals use respiration.† All organisms, including plants, use respiration to get their energy. * â€Å"Respiration is breathing.† Breathing is not respiration. Breathing exchanges the gases needed for respiration. Inhaling and exhaling does not give you ATP. * â€Å"Oxygen is used to breathe.† This is backwards. Breathing is used to get oxygen which is used for respiration. Without oxygen, you have no respiration, no ATP, and no energy. * â€Å"All living things need oxygen/need to breathe.† Anaerobic organisms do not need oxygen, and do not have to breathe.

Content Marketing Marketing And Budgets - 759 Words

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Stanhope from Journeys End by RC Sheriff Essay - 684 Words

Stanhope from Journeys End Stanhope provides the most obvious candidate for the accolade of â€Å"hero† in Journey’s End: R.C.Sherriff has included many themes in Journey’s End; a play portraying the reality of trench warfare. Some of these include Comradeship, The horrors of war, Heroism and Relationships. My essay will be focusing mainly on the theme of heroism. The audience relate the word â€Å"hero† with mainly one character in the play. But the word hero has many positive connotations. A hero could be a person who â€Å"saves the day† or is a hero in somebody else’s eyes or maybe even his personality and how he interacts with other characters could also give him the status of being a hero. There are many aspects of Stanhope†¦show more content†¦Even though there are some conflicts between Raleigh and Stanhope through out the play, the audience don’t see Raleigh changing his mind about Stanhope being a hero. One of the most memorable dramatic events between Raleigh and Stanhope is the scene where Stanhope forces Raleigh to give him his letter. â€Å"D’you understand an order? Give me that letter!† Stanhope becomes furious at Raleigh and demands to see letter. Even after this argument audience don’t really see a change in Raleigh’s opinion about Stanhope being his hero. R.C Sherriff also cleverly manipulates the character. We are confused about the relationship between Raleigh and Stanhope, until the end of the play. The audience are made to think that Stanhope doesn’t really care about Raleigh, but right at the end of the play there is a twist. Stanhope’s true feelings are shown towards Raleigh, when he is dying, and the audience are made aware of the fact that Raleigh was correct in thinking of Stanhope as his hero! Also the name â€Å"Stanhope† could be symbolic of the fact that Stanhope is the hero, since he gives â€Å"hope† to his company and to all the men. The soldiers are influenced by him and the audience come to see Stanhope as a very fine and hard working commander of the company. Not only does Raleigh think of Stanhope as a hero but some of his men might also see Stanhope as a hero in their eyes. Stanhope is also correctlyShow MoreRelated Journeys End by R.C. Sheriff Essay2400 Words   |  10 Pages Journeys End by R.C. Sheriff R. C. Sherriff created characters that aid the audiences understanding of war through their emotions and dialogue. Each character generates an intensive atmosphere and prompts differing emotions and thoughts from the audience, expressing different feelings and reactions towards war, which all aggregate to the same thing, the fear that they are all going to die sooner than later. The play was written to make people contemplate the futility of war. World

Abortion Is The Killing Of A Pregnancy After Conception

Many women may get pregnant at a time of their life where they may not be able to take care of a child. An option for these women is to give their child up for adoption or to have an abortion. Everyone has a different opinion on abortions whether or not it’s the right or wrong thing to do.† Every single day silent deaths are happening amongst Americans. Every single year, this silent horror kills about as many Americans as have been killed on all the battlefields in all of the wars in U.S. history combined (Snyder, 2012)†. Abortion has been around for many years but has also been such a touchy subject. An abortion is the killing of a pregnancy after conception. This action allows for women to end their pregnancies. Many people feel that abortion may be ok under certain circumstances while others feel that it shouldn’t be allowed at all. 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Atom Model Evolution Essay Example For Students

Atom Model Evolution Essay The evolution of the modern atom model took several years to evolved withcontribution from different scientists. One of these scientists, the first tocome up with a modern model of the atom is JJ Thomson. Thomson proposes that thestructure of an atom is mainly a sphere. A sphere that is filled with positiveelectronic field and contains tiny particles that has a negative charge. Hecalled the tiny particles corpuscles. Thomsons model of the atom isoften refer as the plum pudding model because it has a consistency that isall the same throughout the whole atom with a few plums to represent the tinycorpuscles. Thomsons modern was widely accepted by people all over the world. It was such an amazing discovery that his model led to other amazing developmentof the modern model of the atom. Earnest Rutherford who was JJ Thomsonsstudents, contributed greatly to the evolution of the modern model of an atom. Rutherfords Gold Foil experiment was supposed to support and better provethat Thomsons model of an atom was correct. Instead, Rutherford discoveredthe existence of a nucleus in an atom. The Gold Foil experiment had threefounding; all were expected except for one. Rutherford found that a very fewalpha particles (1 out of 8000) was deflected by more than 90. This foundingproves that at the center of the atom was a super dense nucleus and totallydestroys the Thomson model. Rutherfords model of the atom wasnt as widelyaccepted as Thomsons model because there were still few people who supportthe Thomson model no matter what. Physics

The United Nations and the International System

Introduction After the World War I, the focus of nations that were engaging in the war was to enhance international peace through the establishment of the League of Nations. Its primary goal was to prevent the emergence of another war by enhancing collective security through disarmament plans and/or settling probable international disagreements via arbitration and negotiations (Adsera Boix 2002, p. 231).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Nations and the International System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organisation was also handling other tasks such as steering labour conditions, addressing issues of human trafficking, trafficking of weaponry, enhancing international wellbeing, and protecting the civil liberties of the minorities. The League of Nations collapsed later in the mid 1940 when it failed to prevent the emergence of the Second World War. After the war, the United Nations replaced the L eague of Nations. Later, several programmes and international organisations such as the WHO, the UN HABITAT, the UNHCR, the UNDP, and the UNICEF were developed (Taylor Groom 2000, p. 3). These organisations together with the UN comprise the international system. These paper discuses how effective the United Nations has been in maintaining a functioning international system since its creation. Before analysing this question, the paper first discusses the concept of international system followed by the functioning of the United Nations. This discussion will help in determining whether the United Nations plays any role in maintaining an effective international system. The International System An international system constitutes a collection of agencies, programmes, administrations, forums, and legal frameworks in which nations interact and work together. For instance, the World Bank and IMF form the apex of the world system of economic and financial politics and governance. An interna tional system seeks to foster the existence of good international relations. The term international relations means the collective interactions that exists between international communities. These communities include nations and individuals (Nau 2008, p.221). However, in the discussion of the role that the UN plays in international relations through the worldwide system, it is important to identify the differences between the international system and international society. The notion of international society has its roots anchored in the perspectives of the international law and classical legal establishments. From this contextual basis, the international society involves communities that engage in the practice of the international law (Buzan 2004, p.328). A system constitutes several parts, which interact harmoniously.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Harmonious interact ion implies that different components of the system depend on each other so that without strong covalent bonds, the different entities stand as lone entities. In contrast, besides being self-conscious, the society regulates itself (MacMillan Hidemi 2006, p. 97). A system encompasses the fundamental idea of international relations since it can survive without necessarily the existence of an international society. The converse is largely untrue. Cited by Buzan (2004, p.329), Bull (one of the English school authors) supports this assertion by adding that the rapid expansion of the 15th century Europe led to the emergence of an international system prior to the birth of an international society. The international system was born after bringing various isolated political communities and players close together to foster their regular interactions through the European power projections. In this sense, power is an important factor for binding the isolated components that constitute a syste m. A system cannot exist without units, which international relations discourses refer to as states. The units provide opportunities for significant interactions to occur (Dunne, Kukri Smith 2010, p. 8). Their arrangement and structure follow some common principles. The principle determines the order that is to be maintained between the units (independent political states or communities). The integration between political communities, which operate independently, includes war, migration, state of diplomacy, trade, and even the movement of ideologies. The international society relates to the perceptions of the international order. In Bull’s context, order implies social life arrangements that are aimed at establishing and promoting specific values and goals. The synonymy of international society and order introduces a vast number of possibilities of different stages of development in societies. In the extreme end, the society may constitute a collection of states that are mes hed within a network of institutions and regimes that define their conducts. In the lower end, societies may potentially comprise groups of people or political communities that are guided by common norms against key issues such as seizures or murdering emissaries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Nations and the International System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, a discussion of the effectiveness of the United Nations in fostering the existence of an international system also involves consideration of the role of the UN in enhancing good international relations between international societies since an international system is a necessary premise for the existence of an international system. The Functioning of the UN The UN comprises 192 member states, which theoretically have equal voices in the organisation (Fasulo 2004, p. 45; Lowe 2008, p. 32). The organisation enacted the universal decl aration of human rights in 1948. The pronouncement established the rights of all people in the world. It formed the fundamentals of international human rights, which aim at enhancing the effectiveness of the international system in achieving its mandates (Brown 2009, p.48). Recently, it enacted the millennium development goals with the main intention of putting in place mechanisms of poverty eradication and enhancing equality by 2015. How effective are the millennium development goals in the creation of an effective international system? Have they been realised through the UN system? The basic dimensions and institutional processes for the international system shape the activities and the functioning of the UN (Young 1998, p.902). The UN constitutes an important player in the international system. It has the capability to influence its own operational environment. Indeed, as Young (1998, p.902) confirms, ‘throughout the history of the United Nations, the impact of the systemâ €™s environment on the organisation has far surpassed the impact of the organisation on the system’. Instead of the environment, which constitutes the member states that influence the UN, it influences the conduct of the environment where some member states are greatly or less affected by it. This situation creates inequalities in the environment. This observation implies that it functions as a major player in the world of politics (Weiss, Forsythe Coate 2004, p. 18). This proposition forms a basis of confusion and criticism from different scholars. For example, political realists such as Roger and Zaidi (2008, p.47) and Weiss and Daws (2007, p. 56) maintain that the UN does not play any active role in the world politics, but only functions to reflect its composition of the member states.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the next section opposes this proposition. It maintains that the UN actively engages in the shaping of global economic and social politics. Analysis: Effectiveness of the UN in maintaining a functioning International System since its Creation Achievements of the UN are important in fostering international understanding as encapsulated in the international relations theoretical paradigms, which suggest its capacity in the creation of an effective international system. However, the organisation faces some criticisms akin to its mode of operations. The main question that global political analysts pose is whether the operations of the UN are based on its influence from nations that possess a high command as manifested through their military capability such as the US and nations that belong to the EU (Ruggie 1998, p. 14). Indeed, the organisation did nothing to curtail the occurrence of the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Gold (2004, p.103) asserts that one of the likely reasons for t he failure of the UN to intervene in preventing the deaths of 800, 000 people is because the concern failed to align with the USA and France’s strategic interest. The two states are permanent players in the UN Security Council. This claim is inappropriate in generalising the influence of powerful nations in the work of international organisations such as the UN in enhancing the existence of an effective international system. However, it sounds imperative to claim that power has effects on the operations of international organisations and their roles in enhancing the effectiveness of the international system in a bid to shape the current world order. In terms of driving the global development agenda, international organisations such as the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) exist. The two organisations were established in 1944 to shape the financial and economic order. However, Blake (2009, p.263) claims that their current functions and modalities serve the interest of parties that advocate neoliberalism. This claim suggests that the UN fails to create an effective international system that favours the contribution of all member states in terms of driving the global agenda. The main goal of establishing the WB was to loan money to the western nations that were involved in war in the effort to aid them in rebuilding their post-war torn nations. However, in subsequent years, the WB shifted its attention of lending money to nations in the developing world. Mansfield, Milner, and Rosendorff (2002, p. 479) confirm that the agenda of IMF is to ‘regulate currency exchange rates to facilitate orderly international trade as a lender of last resort when a member country experiences balance of payment difficulties and/or is unable to borrow money from other sources’. Both the WB and the IMF were established in such a manner that their operations would be neutral so that all member states could equally gain. Unfortunately, their p ractices serve the stakes of the western nations. For instance, in both institutions, the powers of voting for different nations are not determined by the population sizes of the member states, which subvert the principle of equality as explored by the English school theory. In this extent, the UN, through the WB and IMF, fails to maintain an effectively functioning international system. In the WB and IMF, voting powers are functions of political powers that nations reflect on global platforms and the amount of capital contributions. The G7 nations play the most significant roles in policy development. While each of the US, Japan, France, the Great Britain, and Germany has one director, 19 other directors are elected from about 150 member states. The tradition of the appointment of the MD for the WB is essentially to fix an American figure while that of the IMF is to fix a European figure. In case of IMF, the G7 voting power is 46 percent (Gretchen 2012, p. 18). An effective interna tional system must advocate political, economic, and social equity. With the dominance of the most powerful nations in the management and setting of policies in the international organisations, the question that emerges is whether indeed international society, as suggested by the English school, can precisely explain the interaction of states in the current world order. Many nations regard the exploration of weapons of mass destruction as a disguised attempt to ignore the international peace treaty that is presumed to constitute the general rules that bind the international societies. The need to protect the territorial integrity of a given nation from foreign superpowers in the endeavour to defend statutory individualistic ideologies, which are opposed to the collective interests of the international community, triggers this attempt (Gretchen 2012, p.852). Nationalistic interests incredibly hike the chances of the initiation of war between two or more nations. Classical realism dec lares such a war a regrettable, but unfortunate outcome in the discourse of international relations (Ross Feng 2008, p. 67). This situation is perhaps exemplified by the war between Iraq and Iran in which the two nations fought over supremacy of their nations based on their nationalistic interest to control the Gulf Region. Such individualistic interests undermine the interdependence of nations as a fundamental principle on which the international system discourse rests. In the development of the millennium development goals, the UN aims at ensuring that all states that form the international system effectively engage in resolving common problems. In 2000, the UN member states ratified the millennium development goals (MDGs). The deadline for achieving the eight MDGs was set as 2015. The eight goals included the suppression of hunger and food shortage, attainment of worldwide primary learning, women empowerment and endorsement of gender fairness, reduction of newborn death, improvi ng motherly physical condition, dealing with diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria, enhancement of environmental sustainability, and developing global partnerships to foster collective development of nations (The United Nations 2014, p. 4). With only one year remaining to the 2015 deadline, the United Nations reports that many of the goals have been met. However, others such as maternal health still lag behind, especially in the developing and low-income nations such as Indonesia and many African nations. In 1990, about half of people who live in the developing nations earned less than US $1.25 every day. However, the United Nations (2014, p.4) reports a significant reduction of extreme poverty. By 2010, the number of people earning less than US $ 1.25 reduced by 22%, which is equivalent to 700 million people. The MDG target was to reduce extreme poverty by half. Between 2011 and 2013, 173 million lesser people suffered chronic hunger compared to the period of 1990 and 1992 (The Uni ted Nations 2014, p.9). Indeed, the goal number one for MDGs was met in 2010. Goal number 2 of enhancing access and completion of primary schooling for all children faces challenges since some children live in war-torn areas. Indeed, not even one nation has reached a 100% mark, although North Africa recorded 99% enrolment by 2012 (The United Nations 2014, p.16). From the above assertions, it is also possible that even though the UN has played a central role in championing for collective development of all nations across the globe in the effort to eradicate ignorance and/or foster the development of an effective international system, challenges still remain. For instance, although the millennium development goal number three was to eliminate disparities in the access of secondary and primary education by 2005, and at all educational levels by 2015, the United Nations (2014) reports high disparities in institutions of higher learning. Women are generally underrepresented in the labour markets and political participation. However, a significant progress continues to be achieved (The United Nations 2014, p. 14). Secondly, the target for a reduction of infant mortality by more than two-thirds has not yet been achieved. However, in 2012, infant mortality reduced by more than half of the 1990 levels (The United Nations 2014, p. 15). Apart from environmental sustainability, the world has made incredible efforts towards the achievement of the other MDGs. However, success in achieving the goals is not homogenous across all nations. Some nations are still struggling with problems that have been targeted by MDGs. For example, maternal health is now an issue of national focus in Indonesia. Although the UN aims at enhancing equality and equity in access to basic requirements such as quality maternal health, such access remains ineffectively homogenous among different nations. For instance, as revealed before, in terms of promoting the effectiveness of the international syst em, one of the millennium development goals (MDGs) is to have lower than 102 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births in every nation across the globe by 2015. In 1991, Indonesia recorded 390 maternal deaths in every 100,000 live births, 228 deaths in 2007, and 220 deaths in 2010 (Belton, Myers Ngana 2014, p.1). By 2012, Indonesia had a risk of one maternal death in every 150 women, being the highest in Southeast Asia compared to one risk in every 4000 women in developed countries (Webster, 2012, p.1981). This finding suggests that the UN still suffers from its ability to enhance the development of an international system that has equity and equality in terms of healthcare accessibility. The UN aims at maintaining an effective international system by safeguarding the interest of all member states by putting in place mechanisms of enhancing good international relationships. However, it fails to ensure equal distribution of power. From the perspectives of classical realism, powe r is an important tool for maintaining peace within a unit of political community. In the context of an international system, a political community entails all nations that come together to form the UN. These nations ensure that potential threats across their borders are mitigated. In fact, this outcome is the goal of international relations, a fundamental concept that is explored by the UN. The goal is realised by putting in place sanctions to nations, which pose threats to other nations. In ensuring that nations, which pose threats to the international peace, become ineffective in their plans, international organisations, including the World Bank limit or even totally cancel funding programmes that are aimed at boosting their economic development. Through such a strategy, international organisations, which form the international system whilst acting as pillars of the UN, limit the power of nations. However, through such limitations, rivalry may emerge between nations. Interpretati on of the interplay between international relations and conduct of international organisations this way explains the influence of the US and the EU nations in terms of controlling the production of weapons of mass destruction such as the case of North Korea. This observation suggests that for international peace to prevail, the primary conduct of the UN has been to ensure that power remains within certain nations. This situation emphasises the need for interpretation of the current world order from the perspectives of the international system in which all nations have disparity levels of opinions and power to influence the UN policies. As such, the paper holds that the United Nations has not been effective in maintaining a functioning international system since its creation. Conclusion The UN and its affiliated organisations establish rules and regulations that ensure equality, international peace, and free and fair interaction in trade among other concerns. While this deliverables encompass a major stride towards maintaining an effective international system, the rules and guidelines for international organisations that constitute the international system are developed through unequal participation of all players in the system. For instance, the G7 nations have a significant power in terms of making the UN policies. This situation reflects the role of power inequality as advanced by the theory of classical realism in the development of hegemonies. Inequalities dominate international political and economic interactions. Hence, power struggles between states, as developed through international systems perspective and advanced by the classical theory of international relations, reveal that the world order is created by the most powerful nations through the UN. Hence, the UN has been ineffective in maintaining an efficient international system due to its failure to achieve certain collective commitments among member states such as some aspects of the millennium d evelopment goals and inequality in power among member states. References Adsera, A Boix, C 2002, ‘Trade, democracy and the size of the public sector: The political underpinnings of openness’, International Organisation, vol. 56 no. 2, pp. 229-262. Belton, S, Myers, B Ngana, F 2014, ‘Maternal Deaths In Eastern Indonesia: 20 Years and Still Walking: An Ethnographic Study’, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol.14 no. 39, pp. 1-10. 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Taylor, P Groom, A 2000, The United Nations at the Millennium: The Principal Organs, Continuum, London. The United Nations 2014, The Millennium Development Goals Report, United Nations, New York, NY. Webster, P 2012, ‘Indonesia makes Maternal Health a National Priority’, World Report, vol. 380 no. 9858, pp. 1981-1982. Weiss, T Daws, S 2007, Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Weiss, T, Forsythe, D Coate, R 2004, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, Westview Press, Boulder CO. Young, O 1998, ‘The United Nations and the International Systemâ €™, International Organisation, vol. 22 no. 4, pp. 902-922. This essay on The United Nations and the International System was written and submitted by user Mikaela Patrick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.